Уровень CEFR: B1–B2
Косвенная речь (Reported Speech, или Indirect Speech) — это способ передать чужие слова, не цитируя их дословно. Вместо прямой речи в кавычках мы пересказываем сказанное, встраивая его в собственное предложение. Утверждения — самый частый и базовый тип косвенной речи: именно с них начинается изучение этой темы.
Основная формула
Подлежащее + said (that) + утверждение (с согласованием времён)
или
Подлежащее + told + кому + (that) + утверждение (с согласованием времён)
Союз that можно опускать — оба варианта грамматически правильны:
He said (that) he was tired. — Он сказал, что устал.
She told me (that) she was leaving. — Она сказала мне, что уходит.
Said vs Told: ключевое различие
Это первое, что нужно запомнить. Said и told используются по-разному:
| Глагол | Структура | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| said | said (that) + предложение | He said (that) he was busy. |
| said to | said to + кому + (that) + предложение | He said to me (that) he was busy. |
| told | told + кому + (that) + предложение | He told me (that) he was busy. |
Главное правило
- Said — не требует указания адресата (но можно добавить to + кому)
- Told — всегда требует указания адресата (кому сказали)
He said he was happy. — Он сказал, что был счастлив. ✅
He told me he was happy. — Он сказал мне, что был счастлив. ✅
❌
He told he was happy.— Нельзя! После told нужен объект (me, him, her, us, them, John и т.д.)
❌
He said me he was happy.— Нельзя! Said не принимает прямой объект. Нужно said to me или told me.
Согласование времён (Backshift)
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную времена глаголов обычно сдвигаются на одну ступень в прошлое. Это называется backshift (согласование времён).
Таблица сдвига времён
| Прямая речь (Direct) | Косвенная речь (Reported) | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple (am/is/are, work) | Past Simple (was/were, worked) | "I work here." → He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous (am/is/are + -ing) | Past Continuous (was/were + -ing) | "I am reading." → She said she was reading. |
| Present Perfect (have/has + V3) | Past Perfect (had + V3) | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | "I have been waiting." → She said she had been waiting. |
| Past Simple (worked) | Past Perfect (had worked) | "I saw him." → She said she had seen him. |
| Past Continuous (was/were + -ing) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been + -ing) | "I was sleeping." → He said he had been sleeping. |
| will | would | "I will help." → He said he would help. |
| can | could | "I can swim." → She said she could swim. |
| may | might | "I may come." → He said he might come. |
| must (обязательство) | had to | "I must go." → She said she had to go. |
| shall | should / would | "I shall return." → He said he should/would return. |
Примеры полного сдвига
Present Simple → Past Simple:
Direct: "I live in London." Reported: She said she lived in London. Она сказала, что живёт в Лондоне.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous:
Direct: "I am studying English." Reported: He said he was studying English. Он сказал, что изучает английский.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect:
Direct: "I have never been to Japan." Reported: She said she had never been to Japan. Она сказала, что никогда не была в Японии.
Past Simple → Past Perfect:
Direct: "I bought a car." Reported: He said he had bought a car. Он сказал, что купил машину.
Will → Would:
Direct: "I will call you tomorrow." Reported: She said she would call me the next day. Она сказала, что позвонит мне на следующий день.
Сдвиг модальных глаголов
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| can | could | "I can help." → He said he could help. |
| may | might | "I may be late." → She said she might be late. |
| will | would | "I will do it." → He said he would do it. |
| must (обязанность) | had to | "You must stay." → She said I had to stay. |
| shall | should / would | "I shall try." → He said he should try. |
Не сдвигаются: would, could, might, should, ought to, used to, had better — они уже в «прошедшей» форме.
Когда сдвиг НЕ обязателен
В ряде случаев backshift можно не делать:
1. Общеизвестные факты и законы природы
Direct: "The Earth goes around the Sun." Reported: He said the Earth goes around the Sun. ✅ (или went — тоже допустимо) Он сказал, что Земля вращается вокруг Солнца.
2. Ситуация по-прежнему актуальна
Если на момент пересказа информация всё ещё верна:
Direct: "I work at Google." Reported: She said she works at Google. ✅ (если она всё ещё работает в Google) Она сказала, что работает в Google.
3. Слова переданы сразу (без временного разрыва)
He just said he is coming. ✅ (только что сказал — сдвиг необязателен)
4. Условные предложения второго и третьего типа
Direct: "If I had more time, I would travel." Reported: She said if she had more time, she would travel. ✅ (без изменений)
5. Пожелания с wish / if only
Direct: "I wish I were taller." Reported: He said he wished he were taller. ✅
Замена местоимений
При переводе в косвенную речь местоимения меняются в зависимости от контекста:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| I | he / she |
| me | him / her |
| my | his / her |
| we | they |
| us | them |
| our | their |
| you (адресат) | me / us / him / her (зависит от контекста) |
Direct: "I love my job." Reported: She said she loved her job.
Direct: "We will help you." Reported: They said they would help me.
Пошаговый алгоритм
Как перевести прямую речь в косвенную:
| Шаг | Действие | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Выберите reporting verb (said / told) | He said... / He told me... |
| 2 | Добавьте that (необязательно) | He said (that)... |
| 3 | Замените местоимения | "I am" → he was |
| 4 | Сдвиньте время на шаг назад | am → was |
| 5 | Измените указатели времени и места | today → that day (см. Продвинутая косвенная речь) |
Пример пошагово
Direct: Tom: "I am working on a new project."
- Reporting verb: Tom said...
- That: Tom said (that)...
- Местоимения: I → he
- Backshift: am working → was working
- Результат: Tom said (that) he was working on a new project.
Длинные высказывания
При передаче нескольких предложений в косвенной речи каждый глагол сдвигается:
Direct: "I woke up late. I missed the bus. I was late for work." Reported: He said he had woken up late, had missed the bus, and had been late for work. Он сказал, что проспал, опоздал на автобус и опоздал на работу.
Direct: "I have finished my homework and I want to go out." Reported: She said she had finished her homework and wanted to go out. Она сказала, что закончила домашнее задание и хочет пойти гулять.
Слова-маркеры
Эти слова и выражения часто встречаются в контексте косвенной речи:
| Маркер | Перевод | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| said (that) | сказал, что | He said that he was tired. |
| told (someone) | сказал (кому-то) | She told me she was leaving. |
| mentioned (that) | упомянул, что | He mentioned that he had a meeting. |
| explained (that) | объяснил, что | She explained that she couldn't come. |
| claimed (that) | утверждал, что | He claimed that he was innocent. |
| admitted (that) | признал, что | She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| added (that) | добавил, что | He added that he would be late. |
| pointed out (that) | отметил, что | She pointed out that it was getting late. |
| announced (that) | объявил, что | They announced that the event was cancelled. |
| insisted (that) | настаивал, что | He insisted that he was right. |
Сравнение: прямая vs косвенная речь
| Аспект | Прямая речь (Direct) | Косвенная речь (Reported) |
|---|---|---|
| Формат | Кавычки: "..." | Без кавычек, that-clause |
| Местоимения | Оригинальные | Изменённые (I → he/she) |
| Времена | Оригинальные | Сдвинуты на шаг назад |
| Вопросительный знак | Для вопросов | Не используется |
| Пунктуация | "I am happy," she said. | She said she was happy. |
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| "I am hungry." | He said he was hungry. |
| "I have finished." | She said she had finished. |
| "I will come." | He said he would come. |
| "I can swim." | She said she could swim. |
| "I bought it yesterday." | He said he had bought it the day before. |
Частые ошибки
1. Said + прямой объект (без to)
❌ He said me that he was tired. ✅ He told me that he was tired. ✅ He said to me that he was tired. Said не принимает прямой объект. Используйте told + кому или said to + кому.
2. Told без объекта
❌ She told that she was happy. ✅ She told me that she was happy. ✅ She said that she was happy. После told всегда нужно указать, кому именно сказали.
3. Забывают сдвиг времени
❌ He said he is busy. (если пересказываем давний разговор) ✅ He said he was busy. При пересказе прошлого разговора необходимо согласование времён.
4. Двойной сдвиг Past Perfect
❌ "I had finished" → He said he had had finished. ✅ "I had finished" → He said he had finished. Past Perfect не сдвигается дальше — он и так самое «глубокое» время.
5. Забывают менять местоимения
❌ She said: "I am happy." → She said I was happy. (если вы не адресат) ✅ She said she was happy. Местоимения должны соответствовать тому, о ком идёт речь.
6. Используют will в косвенной речи
❌ He said he will help me. ✅ He said he would help me. Will сдвигается в would при согласовании времён.
7. Используют can вместо could
❌ She said she can drive. ✅ She said she could drive. Can сдвигается в could.
8. Must → must (без сдвига в обязательстве)
❌ She said I must finish by Friday. (пересказ прошлого) ✅ She said I had to finish by Friday. Must (обязательство) сдвигается в had to.
9. Кавычки в косвенной речи
❌ He said that "he was tired". ✅ He said that he was tired. В косвенной речи кавычки не используются — мы пересказываем, а не цитируем.
10. Неправильный порядок слов
❌ She said that was she tired. ✅ She said that she was tired. В косвенной речи порядок слов всегда утвердительный (подлежащее + сказуемое).
См. также
- Вопросы в косвенной речи — if/whether и wh-вопросы
- Приказы и просьбы в косвенной речи — told/asked + to-infinitive
- Продвинутая косвенная речь — сдвиг времени/места, модальные глаголы, смешанные типы
- Past Simple — базовое время для косвенной речи
- Past Perfect — результат сдвига Past Simple
- Present Perfect — сдвигается в Past Perfect