В косвенной речи время сдвигается на шаг назад: I am tired → He said he was tired. Said — без адресата, told — с адресатом: told me. Таблица и исключения.
В косвенной речи время обычно сдвигается на шаг в прошлое, а местоимения меняются по смыслу: "I am tired." → He said (that) he was tired.
Косвенная речь (Reported Speech, или Indirect Speech) — это способ передать чужие слова, не цитируя их дословно. Вместо прямой речи в кавычках мы пересказываем сказанное, встраивая его в собственное предложение. Утверждения — самый частый и базовый тип косвенной речи: именно с них начинается изучение этой темы.
Подлежащее + said (that) + утверждение (с согласованием времён)
или
Подлежащее + told + кому + (that) + утверждение (с согласованием времён)
Союз that можно опускать — оба варианта грамматически правильны:
He said (that) he was tired. — Он сказал, что устал.
She told me (that) she was leaving. — Она сказала мне, что уходит.
Это первое, что нужно запомнить. Said и told используются по-разному:
| Глагол | Структура | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| said | said (that) + предложение | He said (that) he was busy. |
| said to | said to + кому + (that) + предложение | He said to me (that) he was busy. |
| told | told + кому + (that) + предложение | He told me (that) he was busy. |
He said he was happy. — Он сказал, что счастлив. ✅
He told me he was happy. — Он сказал мне, что счастлив. ✅
Частая ошибка
❌
He told he was happy.— Нельзя! После told нужен объект (me, him, her, us, them, John и т.д.)
Частая ошибка
❌
He said me he was happy.— Нельзя! Said не принимает прямой объект. Нужно said to me или told me.
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную времена глаголов обычно сдвигаются на одну ступень в прошлое. Это называется backshift (согласование времён).
Все изменения в одной таблице — времена, модальные глаголы, указатели времени и места — и случаи, когда сдвиг не нужен, собраны в статье Согласование времён. Там же — версия для печати.
| Прямая речь (Direct) | Косвенная речь (Reported) | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple (am/is/are, work) | Past Simple (was/were, worked) | "I work here." → He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous (am/is/are + -ing) | Past Continuous (was/were + -ing) | "I am reading." → She said she was reading. |
| Present Perfect (have/has + V3) | Past Perfect (had + V3) | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | "I have been waiting." → She said she had been waiting. |
| Past Simple (worked) | Past Perfect (had worked) | "I saw him." → She said she had seen him. |
| Past Continuous (was/were + -ing) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been + -ing) | "I was sleeping." → He said he had been sleeping. |
| will | would | "I will help." → He said he would help. |
| can | could | "I can swim." → She said she could swim. |
| may | might | "I may come." → He said he might come. |
| must (обязательство) | had to (или must) | "I must go." → She said she had to go. |
| shall | would (о будущем) / should (в предложениях: Shall I…?) | "I shall return." → He said he would return. |
Present Simple → Past Simple:
Direct: "I live in London." Reported: She said she lived in London. Она сказала, что живёт в Лондоне.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous:
Direct: "I am studying English." Reported: He said he was studying English. Он сказал, что изучает английский.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect:
Direct: "I have never been to Japan." Reported: She said she had never been to Japan. Она сказала, что никогда не была в Японии.
Past Simple → Past Perfect:
Direct: "I bought a car." Reported: He said he had bought a car. Он сказал, что купил машину.
Will → Would:
Direct: "I will call you tomorrow." Reported: She said she would call me the next day. Она сказала, что позвонит мне на следующий день.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| can | could | "I can help." → He said he could help. |
| may | might | "I may be late." → She said she might be late. |
| will | would | "I will do it." → He said he would do it. |
| must (обязанность) | had to (или must) | "You must stay." → She said I had to stay. |
| shall | would / should | "I shall try." → He said he would try. |
Не сдвигаются: would, could, might, should, ought to, used to, had better — они уже в «прошедшей» форме.
В ряде случаев backshift можно не делать:
Direct: "The Earth goes around the Sun." Reported: He said the Earth goes around the Sun. ✅ (или went — тоже допустимо) Он сказал, что Земля вращается вокруг Солнца.
Если на момент пересказа информация всё ещё верна:
Direct: "I work at Google." Reported: She said she works at Google. ✅ (если она всё ещё работает в Google) Она сказала, что работает в Google.
He just said he is coming. ✅ (только что сказал — сдвиг необязателен)
Direct: "If I had more time, I would travel." Reported: She said if she had more time, she would travel. ✅ (без изменений)
Direct: "I wish I were taller." Reported: He said he wished he were taller. ✅
При переводе в косвенную речь местоимения меняются в зависимости от контекста:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| I | he / she |
| me | him / her |
| my | his / her |
| we | they |
| us | them |
| our | their |
| you (адресат) | me / us / him / her (зависит от контекста) |
Direct: "I love my job." Reported: She said she loved her job.
Direct: "We will help you." Reported: They said they would help me.
Как перевести прямую речь в косвенную:
| Шаг | Действие | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Выберите reporting verb (said / told) | He said... / He told me... |
| 2 | Добавьте that (необязательно) | He said (that)... |
| 3 | Замените местоимения | "I am" → he was |
| 4 | Сдвиньте время на шаг назад | am → was |
| 5 | Измените указатели времени и места | today → that day (см. Продвинутая косвенная речь) |
Direct: Tom: "I am working on a new project."
При передаче нескольких предложений в косвенной речи каждый глагол сдвигается:
Direct: "I woke up late. I missed the bus. I was late for work." Reported: He said he had woken up late, had missed the bus, and had been late for work. Он сказал, что проспал, опоздал на автобус и опоздал на работу.
Direct: "I have finished my homework and I want to go out." Reported: She said she had finished her homework and wanted to go out. Она сказала, что закончила домашнее задание и хочет пойти гулять.
Эти слова и выражения часто встречаются в контексте косвенной речи:
| Маркер | Перевод | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| said (that) | сказал, что | He said that he was tired. |
| told (someone) | сказал (кому-то) | She told me she was leaving. |
| mentioned (that) | упомянул, что | He mentioned that he had a meeting. |
| explained (that) | объяснил, что | She explained that she couldn't come. |
| claimed (that) | утверждал, что | He claimed that he was innocent. |
| admitted (that) | признал, что | She admitted that she had made a mistake. |
| added (that) | добавил, что | He added that he would be late. |
| pointed out (that) | отметил, что | She pointed out that it was getting late. |
| announced (that) | объявил, что | They announced that the event was cancelled. |
| insisted (that) | настаивал, что | He insisted that he was right. |
| Аспект | Прямая речь (Direct) | Косвенная речь (Reported) |
|---|---|---|
| Формат | Кавычки: "..." | Без кавычек, that-clause |
| Местоимения | Оригинальные | Изменённые (I → he/she) |
| Времена | Оригинальные | Сдвинуты на шаг назад |
| Вопросительный знак | Для вопросов | Не используется |
| Пунктуация | "I am happy," she said. | She said she was happy. |
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| "I am hungry." | He said he was hungry. |
| "I have finished." | She said she had finished. |
| "I will come." | He said he would come. |
| "I can swim." | She said she could swim. |
| "I bought it yesterday." | He said he had bought it the day before. |
❌ He said me that he was tired. ✅ He told me that he was tired. ✅ He said to me that he was tired. Said не принимает прямой объект. Используйте told + кому или said to + кому.
❌ She told that she was happy. ✅ She told me that she was happy. ✅ She said that she was happy. После told всегда нужно указать, кому именно сказали.
❌ He said he is busy. (если пересказываем давний разговор) ✅ He said he was busy. При пересказе прошлого разговора необходимо согласование времён.
❌ "I had finished" → He said he had had finished. ✅ "I had finished" → He said he had finished. Past Perfect не сдвигается дальше — он и так самое «глубокое» время.
❌ She said: "I am happy." → She said I was happy. (если вы не адресат) ✅ She said she was happy. Местоимения должны соответствовать тому, о ком идёт речь.
❌ Last week he said he will call me, but he never did. ✅ Last week he said he would call me, but he never did. Обещанный звонок остался в прошлом, поэтому will сдвигается в would. Will можно оставить, только если обещанное ещё впереди: He said he will call me tomorrow.
❌ He said he can't come to the party, so we went without him. ✅ He said he couldn't come to the party, so we went without him. Вечеринка уже прошла, поэтому can сдвигается в could. Can остаётся, только если сказанное верно и сейчас: She said she can drive.
❌ She said I have to finish the report by Friday, but I didn't manage to. ✅ She said I had to finish the report by Friday, but I didn't manage to. Срок уже прошёл, поэтому обязанность передаём через had to. Must в косвенной речи можно сдвинуть в had to или оставить: She said I must finish by Friday — тоже верно.
❌ He said that "he was tired". ✅ He said that he was tired. В косвенной речи кавычки не используются — мы пересказываем, а не цитируем.
❌ She said that was she tired. ✅ She said that she was tired. В косвенной речи порядок слов всегда утвердительный (подлежащее + сказуемое).
Знать правило и применять его — не одно и то же. Линграмора найдёт ошибки и объяснит каждую по-русски. Первые проверки — прямо здесь, без регистрации.
После told всегда нужен адресат — кому сказали: She told me (that) she was leaving. Said употребляют без адресата или с предлогом to: She said (that) she was leaving, She said to me… Ошибки: He told that he was tired, He said me.
Нет. Сдвиг не обязателен, если сказанное верно и сейчас (She said she works at Google — работает до сих пор), если это общеизвестный факт (He said the Earth goes around the Sun) или слова прозвучали только что. Если вводящий глагол в настоящем времени (He says…), время не меняют совсем: He says he is tired.
Так же, как утверждение: время сдвигается, а not остаётся при вспомогательном глаголе. "I don't like it." → He said he didn't like it. "I can't come." → She said she couldn't come. "I won't tell anyone." → He said he wouldn't tell anyone.
Да, если пересказываете разговор из прошлого: last week → the week before или the previous week. Пример: "I started last week." → She said she had started the previous week. Так же yesterday → the day before, tomorrow → the next day. Если пересказ на той же неделе, last week можно оставить.
Через asked (просьба) или told (приказ) + кому + to + глагол: "Please close the window." → She asked me to close the window. "Sit down!" → He told us to sit down. Запрет — через not to: "Don't go!" → She told me not to go. Подробнее — в статье о приказах и просьбах в косвенной речи.