Уровень CEFR: B2
Базовые правила косвенной речи (согласование времён, порядок слов, told vs said) покрывают большинство ситуаций. Однако на уровне B2 нужно освоить дополнительные аспекты: замену указателей времени и места, поведение модальных глаголов, смешанные типы речи и особые конструкции с suggest/recommend. Эта статья собирает все продвинутые правила в одном месте.
Сдвиг указателей времени и места
При переводе в косвенную речь меняются не только времена глаголов и местоимения, но и слова, указывающие на время и место. Логика проста: то, что было «здесь и сейчас» для говорящего, становится «там и тогда» для пересказчика.
Таблица сдвига времени
| Прямая речь (Direct) | Косвенная речь (Reported) | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| today | that day | "I'll do it today." → He said he would do it that day. |
| tonight | that night | "I'll call tonight." → She said she would call that night. |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day | "I saw him yesterday." → She said she had seen him the day before. |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day | "I'll come tomorrow." → He said he would come the next day. |
| last week | the week before / the previous week | "I started last week." → She said she had started the previous week. |
| last month | the month before / the previous month | "I moved last month." → He said he had moved the month before. |
| last year | the year before / the previous year | "I graduated last year." → She said she had graduated the previous year. |
| next week | the following week / the week after | "I'll go next week." → He said he would go the following week. |
| next month | the following month | "I'll start next month." → She said she would start the following month. |
| next year | the following year | "I'll travel next year." → He said he would travel the following year. |
| now | then / at that moment | "I'm busy now." → She said she was busy then. |
| ago | before / earlier | "I arrived two days ago." → He said he had arrived two days before. |
| this | that | "I like this book." → She said she liked that book. |
| these | those | "I need these files." → He said he needed those files. |
Таблица сдвига места
| Прямая речь (Direct) | Косвенная речь (Reported) | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| here | there | "I live here." → She said she lived there. |
| this (place) | that (place) | "I love this city." → He said he loved that city. |
| come | go (иногда) | "Come to my party." → She invited me to go to her party. |
| bring | take (иногда) | "Bring your books." → He told us to take our books. |
Полные примеры с множественными заменами
Direct: "I saw him here yesterday." Reported: She said she had seen him there the day before. Она сказала, что видела его там накануне.
Direct: "I will call you tomorrow from this office." Reported: He said he would call me the next day from that office. Он сказал, что позвонит мне на следующий день из того офиса.
Direct: "We are leaving now and coming back next week." Reported: They said they were leaving then and coming back the following week. Они сказали, что уезжают тогда и вернутся на следующей неделе.
Direct: "I moved here two months ago and I'm very happy now." Reported: She said she had moved there two months before and she was very happy at that moment. Она сказала, что переехала туда два месяца назад и была очень счастлива в тот момент.
Когда сдвиг НЕ обязателен
Если пересказ происходит в том же месте или в тот же день, сдвиг необязателен:
Direct (утром): "I'll do it today." Reported (тем же утром): He said he would do it today. ✅ (тот же день)
Direct (в офисе): "I work here." Reported (в том же офисе): She said she works here. ✅ (то же место)
Модальные глаголы в косвенной речи
Модальные, которые сдвигаются
| Direct | Reported | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| will | would | "I will help." → She said she would help. |
| can | could | "I can drive." → He said he could drive. |
| may | might | "I may come." → She said she might come. |
| shall | should / would | "I shall return." → He said he should/would return. |
| must (обязанность) | had to | "You must finish." → She said I had to finish. |
Модальные, которые НЕ сдвигаются
Эти модальные глаголы уже стоят в «прошедшей» или неизменяемой форме:
| Модальный глагол | Почему не меняется | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| would | Уже «прошедшая» форма will | "I would like tea." → He said he would like tea. |
| could | Уже «прошедшая» форма can | "I could help." → She said she could help. |
| might | Уже «прошедшая» форма may | "I might be late." → He said he might be late. |
| should | Не имеет дальнейшего сдвига | "You should rest." → She said I should rest. |
| ought to | Не имеет дальнейшего сдвига | "You ought to try." → He said I ought to try. |
| used to | Описывает прошлое — уже в прошлом | "I used to play." → She said she used to play. |
| had better | Не имеет дальнейшего сдвига | "You had better hurry." → He said I had better hurry. |
| needn't | Не имеет дальнейшего сдвига | "You needn't come." → She said I needn't come. |
Must: два значения — два правила
| Значение | Direct | Reported |
|---|---|---|
| Обязанность | "You must finish." | She said I had to finish. |
| Логический вывод | "She must be tired." | He said she must be tired. ✅ (без изменений) |
Важно: Когда must выражает логическое предположение (должно быть), он не сдвигается:
Direct: "He must be at home — his car is here." Reported: She said he must be at home because his car was there. ✅
Direct: "You must wear a uniform." Reported: He said I had to wear a uniform. (обязательство — сдвигается)
Полные примеры с модальными
Direct: "I will help you and you can call me anytime." Reported: He said he would help me and I could call him anytime. Он сказал, что поможет мне и я могу звонить ему в любое время.
Direct: "You may leave, but you should come back before 5." Reported: She said I might leave, but I should come back before 5. Она сказала, что я могу уйти, но должен вернуться до 5.
Direct: "I could swim when I was five." Reported: He said he could swim when he was five. (could не меняется) Он сказал, что умел плавать, когда ему было пять.
Смешанные типы речи (Mixed Reported Speech)
В реальных разговорах люди произносят подряд утверждения, вопросы и просьбы. При пересказе нужно корректно переключаться между конструкциями.
Утверждение + Вопрос
Direct: "I'm tired. Are you tired too?" Reported: He said he was tired and asked if I was tired too. Он сказал, что устал, и спросил, устал ли я тоже.
Утверждение + Просьба
Direct: "I'm cold. Please close the window." Reported: She said she was cold and asked me to close the window. Она сказала, что ей холодно, и попросила меня закрыть окно.
Приказ + Причина
Direct: "Sit down! The lesson is starting." Reported: He told us to sit down and explained that the lesson was starting. Он сказал нам сесть и объяснил, что урок начинается.
Вопрос + Просьба
Direct: "Do you have a pen? Can you lend it to me?" Reported: She asked if I had a pen and asked me to lend it to her. Она спросила, есть ли у меня ручка, и попросила одолжить её.
Сложные комбинации
Direct: "I've been waiting for an hour. Where were you? Don't be late again!" Reported: He said he had been waiting for an hour, asked where I had been, and told me not to be late again. Он сказал, что ждал час, спросил, где я был, и сказал не опаздывать снова.
Direct: "The project is going well. Can you finish your part by Friday? I'll help you if needed." Reported: She said the project was going well, asked if I could finish my part by Friday, and promised to help me if needed. Она сказала, что проект продвигается хорошо, спросила, смогу ли я закончить свою часть к пятнице, и пообещала помочь, если нужно.
Suggest и Recommend: особые конструкции
Глаголы suggest и recommend (а также insist, demand, propose) имеют уникальные грамматические паттерны, которые часто вызывают ошибки.
Suggest + -ing (герундий)
Direct: "Let's go to the cinema." Reported: He suggested going to the cinema. Он предложил пойти в кино.
Direct: "Why don't we have dinner together?" Reported: She suggested having dinner together. Она предложила поужинать вместе.
Direct: "How about taking a break?" Reported: He suggested taking a break. Он предложил сделать перерыв.
Suggest + that + clause (с should или subjunctive)
Direct: "I think you should apply for this job." Reported: She suggested that I (should) apply for that job. Она предложила, чтобы я подал заявку на эту работу.
Direct: "I think he should be more careful." Reported: She suggested that he (should) be more careful. / She suggested that he be more careful. (subjunctive) Она предложила, чтобы он был более осторожен.
Subjunctive (сослагательное наклонение)
После suggest, recommend, insist, demand, propose в формальном английском используется subjunctive — базовая форма глагола без -s, -ed, was → be:
| Прямая речь | Формальный стиль (subjunctive) | Менее формальный (should) |
|---|---|---|
| "Take a rest." | The doctor recommended that she take a rest. | The doctor recommended that she should take a rest. |
| "Be more careful." | He suggested that I be more careful. | He suggested that I should be more careful. |
| "Everyone attend." | She insisted that everyone attend. | She insisted that everyone should attend. |
| "He apologize." | They demanded that he apologize. | They demanded that he should apologize. |
Обратите внимание: В subjunctive всегда базовая форма глагола — даже для третьего лица (he be, she take, he go — без -s!). Это отличительная черта subjunctive в английском.
Recommend: аналогичные паттерны
Direct: "You should try the fish." Reported: She recommended trying the fish. (recommend + -ing) ✅ Reported: She recommended that I (should) try the fish. (recommend + that) ✅
Direct: "The patient should rest for a week." Reported: The doctor recommended that the patient (should) rest for a week. Врач рекомендовал, чтобы пациент отдыхал неделю.
Insist: два значения
| Значение | Конструкция | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Настаивать (действие) | insist + that + subjunctive/should | He insisted that she come. |
| Утверждать (факт) | insist + that + обычный backshift | He insisted that he was innocent. |
Direct: "I didn't do it!" (утверждение) Reported: He insisted that he hadn't done it. (обычный backshift)
Direct: "You must come to my party!" (настаивает на действии) Reported: He insisted that I (should) come to his party. (subjunctive/should)
Сравнительная таблица: все типы косвенной речи
| Тип | Формула | Пример прямой речи | Пример косвенной речи |
|---|---|---|---|
| Утверждение | said/told + (that) + clause | "I am tired." | He said (that) he was tired. |
| Yes/No вопрос | asked + if/whether + clause | "Are you happy?" | She asked if I was happy. |
| Wh-вопрос | asked + wh-word + clause | "Where do you live?" | He asked where I lived. |
| Приказ | told + obj + to-inf | "Sit down!" | She told me to sit down. |
| Просьба | asked + obj + to-inf | "Please help." | He asked me to help. |
| Отрицательная команда | told + obj + not to-inf | "Don't go!" | She told me not to go. |
| Предложение | suggested + -ing / that | "Let's go." | He suggested going. |
| Обещание | promised + to-inf / that | "I'll do it." | She promised to do it. |
| Отказ | refused + to-inf | "I won't." | He refused to do it. |
Полная шпаргалка по заменам
| Категория | Direct | Reported |
|---|---|---|
| Местоимения | I → he/she | we → they |
| my → his/her | our → their | |
| me → him/her | us → them | |
| Времена | Present Simple → Past Simple | Present Perfect → Past Perfect |
| Present Continuous → Past Continuous | Past Simple → Past Perfect | |
| will → would | can → could | |
| may → might | must → had to | |
| Время | today → that day | yesterday → the day before |
| tomorrow → the next day | now → then | |
| last week → the week before | next week → the following week | |
| ago → before | tonight → that night | |
| Место | here → there | this → that |
| these → those | come → go (иногда) |
Частые ошибки
1. Забывают менять указатели времени
❌ He said he would call me tomorrow. ✅ He said he would call me the next day. При пересказе прошлого разговора tomorrow → the next day.
2. Забывают менять here → there
❌ She said she lived here. (если мы не в том же месте) ✅ She said she lived there. Here → there, если пересказчик не в том же месте.
3. Must для логического вывода — сдвигают
❌ He said she had to be at home. (если это предположение, а не обязанность) ✅ He said she must be at home. (логический вывод — без сдвига) Must (предположение) не сдвигается. Must (обязанность) → had to.
4. Could/might/should — пытаются сдвинуть дальше
❌ She said she coulded swim. ✅ She said she could swim. Could, might, should, would уже в «прошедшей» форме — дальше не сдвигаются.
5. Suggest + to-infinitive
❌ He suggested to go to the park. ✅ He suggested going to the park. ✅ He suggested (that) we (should) go to the park. Suggest никогда не используется с to-infinitive!
6. Recommend + прямой объект + to-infinitive
❌ The doctor recommended me to rest. ✅ The doctor recommended that I (should) rest. ✅ The doctor recommended resting. Recommend не используется по паттерну verb + obj + to-inf (в отличие от advise).
Сравните: She advised me to rest. ✅ (advise + obj + to-inf работает) She recommended that I rest. ✅ (recommend + that-clause)
7. Subjunctive: добавляют -s для третьего лица
❌ He suggested that she goes home. ✅ He suggested that she go home. (subjunctive) ✅ He suggested that she should go home. (с should) В subjunctive всегда базовая форма без -s: he go, she be, it take.
8. Смешивают конструкции в одном предложении
❌ He said that he was tired and asked me that I help him. ✅ He said that he was tired and asked me to help him. Утверждение: said + that-clause. Просьба: asked + to-infinitive. Не смешивайте!
9. Now → now (забывают менять)
❌ She said she was busy now. (если пересказываем давний разговор) ✅ She said she was busy then / at that moment. Now → then или at that moment при пересказе прошлого.
10. This/that путаница
❌ He said he liked this restaurant. (если мы не в этом ресторане) ✅ He said he liked that restaurant. This → that при пересказе, если пересказчик не указывает на тот же предмет.
Практические советы
- Создайте чеклист замен: при переводе в косвенную речь проверяйте по порядку: местоимения, времена, модальные, указатели времени, указатели места.
- Suggest = герундий или that. Запомните это как железное правило и никогда не используйте suggest + to.
- Must в предположениях не сдвигается. Задайте себе вопрос: это обязанность (had to) или вывод (must)?
- Would/could/might/should — не двигаем дальше. Они уже в финальной форме.
- В смешанных типах используйте разные reporting verbs для каждой части: said для утверждений, asked для вопросов/просьб, told для команд, suggested для предложений.
См. также
- Утверждения в косвенной речи — said/told + that, основы backshift
- Вопросы в косвенной речи — if/whether и wh-вопросы
- Приказы и просьбы в косвенной речи — told/asked + to-infinitive, reporting verbs
- Past Simple — базовое время для reporting verbs
- Past Perfect — результат сдвига Past Simple
- Must / Have to — must → had to в обязательствах
- May / Might — may → might в косвенной речи
- Can / Could — can → could, could не сдвигается