Приказ — told sb to do, просьба — asked sb to do, запрет — told sb not to do. Как передать let's, advise, warn, suggest: таблицы, примеры, ошибки
Приказы и просьбы передают инфинитивом с to, а не через that.
Когда мы передаём чужие приказы, просьбы, советы и предложения в косвенной речи, структура кардинально отличается от утверждений и вопросов. Вместо that-clause используется конструкция с to-infinitive: told me to do, asked me to help, warned us not to touch — та же схема, что в want sb to do. Выбор reporting verb (told, asked, advised и др.) передаёт тон и намерение исходного высказывания.
Подлежащее + reporting verb + кому + to + инфинитив
Direct: "Sit down!" Reported: She told me to sit down. Она сказала мне сесть.
Direct: "Please help me." Reported: He asked me to help him. Он попросил меня помочь ему.
Подлежащее + reporting verb + кому + not to + инфинитив
Direct: "Don't touch that!" Reported: He told me not to touch that. Он сказал мне не трогать это.
Direct: "Please don't be late." Reported: She asked me not to be late. Она попросила меня не опаздывать.
Выбор между told и asked зависит от тона исходного высказывания:
| Глагол | Тон | Используется для | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| told | Авторитетный, решительный | Приказов, указаний, инструкций | The teacher told us to open our books. |
| asked | Вежливый, мягкий | Просьб, вежливых предложений | She asked me to close the window. |
Direct: "Clean your room!" Reported: My mother told me to clean my room. Мама сказала мне убрать комнату.
Direct: "Stop talking!" Reported: The teacher told the students to stop talking. Учитель сказал ученикам прекратить разговаривать.
Direct: "Leave the building immediately!" Reported: The firefighter told everyone to leave the building immediately. Пожарный сказал всем немедленно покинуть здание.
Direct: "Could you open the window, please?" Reported: She asked me to open the window. Она попросила меня открыть окно.
Direct: "Please don't make so much noise." Reported: He asked us not to make so much noise. Он попросил нас не шуметь.
Direct: "Would you mind helping me with this?" Reported: She asked me to help her with it. Она попросила меня помочь ей с этим.
Для отрицательных команд ("Don't ...!") используется not to:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| "Don't open the door!" | He told me not to open the door. |
| "Don't be afraid!" | She told him not to be afraid. |
| "Don't forget your passport!" | He told me not to forget my passport. |
| "Don't touch the paintings!" | The guide told us not to touch the paintings. |
| "Never give up!" | She told me never to give up. |
Важно: not ставится перед to: told me not to do. Вариант told me to not do встречается в разговорной речи, но в письме и на экзаменах считается ошибкой.
Direct: "Don't worry about it." Reported: She told me not to worry about it. Она сказала мне не волноваться об этом.
Direct: "Never speak to me again!" Reported: He told her never to speak to him again. Он сказал ей никогда больше с ним не разговаривать.
Помимо told и asked, в английском языке существует множество reporting verbs, которые точнее передают намерение говорящего. Каждый из них следует определённому грамматическому паттерну.
Эти глаголы требуют указания адресата (кому):
| Глагол | Значение | Пример прямой речи | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|---|---|
| told | сказал (приказ) | "Go home!" | She told me to go home. |
| asked | попросил | "Please wait." | He asked me to wait. |
| advised | посоветовал | "You should see a doctor." | She advised me to see a doctor. |
| warned | предупредил | "Don't go near the edge!" | He warned me not to go near the edge. |
| ordered | приказал | "Stand up!" | The officer ordered them to stand up. |
| reminded | напомнил | "Don't forget to call!" | She reminded me to call. |
| encouraged | подбодрил | "You can do it! Try again!" | He encouraged me to try again. |
| invited | пригласил | "Come to my party." | She invited me to come to her party. |
| persuaded | убедил | "Come on, let's go!" | He persuaded me to go. |
| begged | умолял | "Please, please help me!" | She begged me to help her. |
| forbade | запретил | "Don't leave the house!" | She forbade them to leave the house. |
Эти глаголы не требуют указания адресата:
| Глагол | Значение | Пример прямой речи | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|---|---|
| agreed | согласился | "OK, I'll do it." | He agreed to do it. |
| offered | предложил (помощь) | "I'll help you." | She offered to help me. |
| promised | пообещал | "I will finish on time." | He promised to finish on time. |
| refused | отказался | "No, I won't do it." | She refused to do it. |
| threatened | пригрозил | "I'll call the police!" | He threatened to call the police. |
| volunteered | вызвался | "I'll clean up." | She volunteered to clean up. |
| decided | решил | "I'll take this one." | He decided to take that one. |
| demanded | потребовал | "Let me speak to the manager!" | She demanded to speak to the manager. |
Почему здесь -ing, а не to — в статье Герундий и инфинитив.
| Глагол | Значение | Пример прямой речи | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|---|---|
| admitted | признал | "OK, I broke it." | He admitted breaking it. |
| denied | отрицал | "I didn't take it!" | She denied taking it. |
| suggested | предложил | "Let's go to the cinema." | He suggested going to the cinema. |
| recommended | порекомендовал | "Try the fish." | She recommended trying the fish. |
| insisted on | настоял на | "I'm paying, and that's final!" | She insisted on paying. |
| apologized for | извинился за | "I'm sorry I was late." | He apologized for being late. |
| Глагол | Значение | Пример прямой речи | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|---|---|
| admitted (that) | признал, что | "I made a mistake." | He admitted that he had made a mistake. |
| agreed (that) | согласился, что | "You're right." | She agreed that I was right. |
| claimed (that) | утверждал, что | "I was there." | He claimed that he had been there. |
| denied (that) | отрицал, что | "I didn't do it." | She denied that she had done it. |
| explained (that) | объяснил, что | "The train was late." | He explained that the train had been late. |
| insisted (that) | настаивал, что | "I'm paying for dinner." | She insisted that she was paying for dinner. |
| promised (that) | пообещал, что | "I will be on time." | He promised that he would be on time. |
| complained (that) | пожаловался, что | "The room is too cold." | She complained that the room was too cold. |
| Паттерн | Глаголы | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| verb + to-inf | agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, demand, volunteer | He promised to help. |
| verb + obj + to-inf | tell, ask, advise, warn, order, remind, encourage, invite, persuade, beg, forbid | She told me to wait. |
| verb + -ing | admit, deny, suggest, recommend, insist on, apologize for | He denied stealing it. |
| verb + (that) + clause | admit, agree, claim, deny, explain, insist, promise, suggest, complain | She explained that she was busy. |
Важно: Некоторые глаголы могут использоваться в нескольких паттернах (admitted doing / admitted that..., promised to / promised that...). Значение при этом не меняется.
| Прямая речь | Тип | Reporting verb | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Open the door!" | Приказ | told | He told me to open the door. |
| "Could you help me?" | Просьба | asked | She asked me to help her. |
| "You should rest." | Совет | advised | He advised me to rest. |
| "Don't go there!" | Предупреждение | warned | She warned me not to go there. |
| "I'll do it." | Обещание | promised | He promised to do it. |
| "No, I won't!" | Отказ | refused | She refused to do it. |
| "I'll help you." | Предложение помощи | offered | He offered to help me. |
| "Don't forget to lock up." | Напоминание | reminded | She reminded me to lock up. |
| "Let's go out." | Предложение | suggested | He suggested going out. |
| "OK, I did it." | Признание | admitted | She admitted doing it. |
Эти слова в прямой речи подсказывают выбор reporting verb:
| Маркер в прямой речи | Подсказывает | Reporting verb |
|---|---|---|
| "Please..." | Просьба | asked |
| "Could you...?" | Вежливая просьба | asked |
| "Would you mind...?" | Вежливая просьба | asked |
| Повелительное наклонение ("Go!", "Stop!") | Приказ | told, ordered |
| "Don't...!" | Запрет / предупреждение | told not to, warned not to |
| "You should..." | Совет | advised |
| "You'd better..." | Настоятельный совет | advised, warned |
| "I'll..." (обещание) | Обещание | promised |
| "I won't..." (отказ) | Отказ | refused |
| "Let's..." | Предложение | suggested |
| "I'm sorry I..." | Извинение | apologized for |
❌ She told to sit down. ✅ She told me to sit down. После told всегда нужен объект (кому сказали): me, him, her, us, them, the students и т.д.
❌ He said me to leave. ✅ He told me to leave. После said нельзя сразу назвать адресата. Для команд — told + кому + to. Подробнее о разнице — Say, tell, speak, talk.
❌ She told me that leave. ✅ She told me to leave. Для команд и просьб используется to + инфинитив, а не that-clause.
❌ He told me to don't worry. ❌ He told me to not worry. ✅ He told me not to worry. Not ставится перед to: not to + инфинитив. Told me to not worry встречается в разговорной речи, но в письме и на экзаменах это ошибка.
❌ She told me don't be late. ✅ She told me not to be late. В косвенных командах don't заменяется на not to.
❌ He asked me if to help him. (смесь вопроса и просьбы) ✅ He asked me to help him. (просьба) ✅ He asked me if I could help him. (вопрос) Asked + to = просьба. Asked + if = вопрос. Это разные конструкции!
❌ She agreed me to come. ✅ She agreed to come. или She agreed to let me come. Agree не принимает объект перед to-infinitive.
❌ He suggested to go to the park. ✅ He suggested going to the park. ✅ He suggested (that) we go to the park. Suggest используется с -ing или that-clause, но не с to-infinitive.
❌ He warned to help me. (warn = предупреждать, а не просить о помощи) ✅ He asked/begged me to help him. Выбирайте reporting verb, который точно передаёт смысл оригинала.
❌ "Help me!" → She told me to help me. ✅ "Help me!" → She told me to help her. Местоимения меняются в соответствии с контекстом.
Знать правило и применять его — не одно и то же. Линграмора найдёт ошибки и объяснит каждую по-русски. Первые проверки — прямо здесь, без регистрации.
Через told + кому + to: "Go home!" → She told me to go home. She said me to go home — ошибка: после said нельзя сразу назвать адресата. В разговорной речи встречается She said to go home (без адресата), но в письме надёжнее told.
Asked + кому + (not) to + глагол: "Please wait." → He asked me to wait. "Please don't call me." → She asked me not to call her. Asked + if — это уже вопрос, а не просьба: He asked me if I could wait.
Don't заменяется на not to: "Don't be late!" → She told us not to be late. She told us don't be late и told us to don't be late — ошибки.
Норма — He told me never to accept gifts from strangers: never, как и not, ставится перед to. Told me to never accept встречается в разговорной речи, но на экзамене надёжнее never to.
Через suggest: "Let's go to the cinema." → He suggested going to the cinema или He suggested that we (should) go to the cinema. He suggested to go — ошибка. "Let's not argue." → She suggested not arguing.
Глаголом, который точнее передаёт смысл: advised (совет), warned (предупреждение), ordered (приказ), reminded (напоминание), begged (мольба). Схема та же: глагол + кому + to + инфинитив. Suggest, recommend и insist on — с -ing: She insisted on paying.